第二章 关系从句

1. 关系从句

1) 限制性关系从句

如果你喜欢图中右边的书，你可以用以下两个简单句来表达：

• I like the book. 我喜欢这本书。
• It is white. 这本书是白色的。

考虑到book在第二个句子中重复出现，我们可以将这两个句子合并为：I like the book which is white. 我喜欢这本白色的书。

我们称：

• I like the book 为主句(main clause) \*主句可独立存在；
• which is white 为关系从句(relative clause) \*关系从句不能独立存在；
• which 为关系代词(relative pronoun) \*which在关系从句中作主语；
• the book 为先行词(antecedent) \*关系代词指代先行词。

关系从句是为主句中的人、物或主句本身增加限定或附加信息的句子，由关系代词或关系副词引导，不能独立于主句存在。

如果我们将which is white去掉，人们就会感到困惑，不知道你所指的是哪一本书，在这种情况下，我们称which is white为限制性关系从句(restrictive relative clause)，不能去掉，否则我们谈论的对象就会变得不明确。在口语中，限制性关系从句前不会有停顿，在书面语中，前面一般没有逗号。

2) 非限制性关系从句

我们可以用两个句子来表述：

• Einstein was a great physicist. 爱因斯坦是伟大的物理学家。
• He was born in Germany. 他出生在德国。

考虑到Einstein在第二个句子中重复出现，我们可以将这两个句子合并为：Einstein, who was born in Germany, was a great physicist.

如果我们将who was born in Germany去掉，我们谈论的对象（即Einstein）还是明确的，在这种情况下，我们称who was born in Germany为非限制性关系从句(non-restrictive relative clause)，它只起增加非必要信息的作用。在口语中，非限制性关系从句前会有停顿，在书面语中，其前面一般有逗号。

非限制性关系从句是一个在功能和语义上等同于并列分句的语法结构。它是一种高级的语法技术，通过将一个并列的、补充性的信息"嵌入"到主句中，并使用关系代词明确其指代对象，从而实现更紧凑、更优雅的句式。

综上所述，如果我们谈论的对象是确定的（即在一定的语境中，这个对象是独一无二的），就用非限制性的关系从句，否则需要用限制性的关系从句。

2. 关系代词和关系副词

1) 封装词

我们先来看两个句子：

• In 1963 we moved to Boston. 在1963年，我们搬到了波士顿。
• In 1963 my grandparents lived in Boston. 那时，我的祖父母住在波士顿。

这两个句子可以合并为：In 1963 we moved to Boston, in which my grandparents lived.

考虑到in which的使用频率较高，我们可以用一个词where来代替这个语言片断，从而使句子更加简洁：In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.

如果一个词代表一个常用的语言片断，我们称其为封装词，如上例中的where（因为where在句中引导关系从句，我们也称其为关系副词）。封装词在英语中很常见，对其的掌握是理解英语思维、学好英语的关键。我们通过阅读单词的英文释义了解封装词所表达的语言片断。

2) 常见的关系代词和关系副词

关系代词/关系副词	先行词	关系代词/关系副词在关系从句中担当的成分
who	人	主语/宾语
whom	人	宾语
which	物/句子的一部分/句子	主语/宾语
whose (=of which/of whom)	人/物	修饰语(modifier) (是一个封装词)
when (=preposition + which)	物（时间）	修饰语(是一个封装词)
where (=preposition + which)	物（地点）	修饰语(是一个封装词)
why (=for + which)	物（原因）	修饰语(是一个封装词)
that (=who/whom/which/preposition + which)	人/物	主语/宾语/谓语名词/修饰语(是一个封装词)
as	句子	主语/宾语

⌘ WHO ⌘ 例句

• The people who called yesterday want to buy the house. 昨天打来电话的人想买这所房子。
• Our doctor, who we all like very much, is leaving. 我们的医生——我们大家都非常喜欢的那位——要离开了。

⌘ WHOM ⌘ 例句

• The person whom I saw was a coach. 我看到的那个人是一名教练。
• He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores. 他掏出一张宝贝儿子的照片。

⌘ WHICH ⌘ 例句

• Did you see the letter which came today? 你看到今天来的那封信了吗？
• His best film, which won several awards, was about the life of Gandhi. 他的最佳影片，就是荣获好几项奖的那部，是关于甘地生平的。
• I said nothing, which made him very angry. 我什么也没说，这件事使他很生气。

⌘ WHOSE ⌘ 例句

• The boy whose father is a police officer is pretty clever. 父亲是警察的那个男孩相当聪明。
• The book whose cover is yellow is thin. 那本黄皮的书很薄。

⌘ WHEN ⌘ 例句

• Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期天是没什么人上班的日子。
• She remembered clearly that day when she'd gone exploring the rock pools. 她清楚地记得她去岩石水潭探险的那天。

⌘ WHERE ⌘ 例句

• The hotel where we spent our honeymoon has been demolished. 我们度蜜月时住过的那家酒店已被拆除。
• We walked up to the top of the hill, where we got a marvellous view. 我们爬上了山顶，在那里我们看到了绝妙的景色。

⌘ WHY ⌘ 例句

• It was the reason why she didn't come. 这就是她没有来的原因。

⌘ THAT ⌘ 例句

• The letter that came this morning is from my little sister. 今天早上收到的信来自我的妹妹。
• The woman that spoke to me in the shop used to live next door. 跟我在商店说话的那个妇女以前住我隔壁。

⌘ AS ⌘ 例句

• Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean. 如你所知，塞浦路斯是地中海的岛国。
• As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。

---

3. 练习

A. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。

1. My little sister, \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a painter, is in Japan at present.
2. The man \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lives in that house is my uncle.
3. The clothes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are on the floor are dirty.
4. The old man \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I met in Beijing last year is his father.
5. I can't find the books \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I got from the library.
6. The man \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ right eye is blind is Mr. Green.
7. This is the pen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ point is broken.
8. My sisters, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ photos I showed you yesterday, will come to see us this evening.

B. 单选：选择最合适的答案。

1. This is the school \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ we visited last year. A. that B. where C. who D. whose
2. The man \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is talking to our teacher is Betty's father. A. which B. whom C. who D. what
3. I will never forget the day \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ we spent in the old town with small houses. A. who B. whom C. that D. when
4. The house \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum. A. which B. that C. in which D. there
5. I hate the girl \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ name is Mary. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that

注：此处仅保留部分代表性练习，完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。