第二十六章 语序

英语句子一般遵循"主语 + 谓语"的顺序。通常来说，越重要的信息越靠后，如：She sent him a letter. 她给他寄了一封信。（侧重a letter）She sent a letter to him. 她寄了一封信给他。（侧重him）但有时为了修辞（如强调某一信息或为了承上启下等），会将某些成分前置或后置。

1. 前置

前置主要是为了强调某一成分或承上启下。

1) 不引起倒装的前置

• A horrible mess you've made of it. 真乱，你弄得。
• I've read the book. The film I haven't yet seen. 我读过这本书。这部电影我还没看过。
• Jason deals with the post every morning. The routine letters he answers himself. The rest he passes on to the boss. 杰森每天早上都会处理邮件。例行公事的邮件他自己回。剩下的就交给老板。

在as, though引导的副词性从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首，如：

• Angry as he was, he couldn't help smiling. 尽管他很生气，可还是忍不住笑了。
• Child as he is, he knows a lot. *当提前的是单数可数名词时，名词前面的不定冠词 a/an 通常要省略。
• Strange though it may seem, I like housework. 虽然这也许有点奇怪，但我喜欢做家务。

2) 引起部分倒装的前置

指将谓语的一部分，即将助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前，而谓语动词块的其他部分无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

• Not a single person did I know at the party. 聚会中的人，我一个也不认识。
• Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
• Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night. 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。
• Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。
• So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others. 他跑得如此快，以至于远远领先于其他人。
• Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. 他们常考虑去那，但一直没机会。

3) 引起全部倒装的前置

指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。

• Poor are the people who have lost their houses in the fire. 火灾中房子被烧毁的人们真可怜。
• Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
• On the top of the mountain stands an ancient temple. 山顶上耸立着一座古老的寺庙。
• Under the table was lying an unconscious young man. 桌子下躺着一个不醒人事的年轻人。
• There appeared to be nobody willing to help. 看来没人愿意帮忙。
• Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了!
• "What do you mean?" asked Henry. "你什么意思？" 亨利问道。

★如果主语是人称代词，不用倒装，如：Here it comes! 它来了!

2. 直接引语和间接引语

项目	直接引语	间接引语
定义	引用说话人的原话，用引号括起。	转述说话人的意思，不用引号，常有语法变化。
形式	引号内保留原句。例：Tom said, "I am busy."	用that/if/whether/wh-引出。例：Tom said (that) he was busy.
人称变化	保持原样："I like this book."	根据语境调整：He said (that) he liked that book.
时态变化	不变。	一般情况下时态后移： "I am busy." → He said he was busy. "I have finished." → He said he had finished. "I will go tomorrow." → He said he would go the next day.
时间/地点词变化	使用原说话时间和地点。	常有对应转变：now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the day before, here→there, ago→before。
一般陈述句	She said, "I love music."	She said (that) she loved music.
一般疑问句	He asked, "Do you like apples?"	He asked if/whether I liked apples.
特殊疑问句	She asked, "Where are you going?"	She asked where I was going.
祈使句	The teacher said, "Open your books."	The teacher told us to open our books.
现在时报告动词	Anna says, "I feel happy."	Anna says (that) she feels happy.（时态不变）
普遍真理	John said, "The earth goes around the sun."	John said (that) the earth goes around the sun.（保持现在时）
信息依然正确	Mark said, "I live near the station."	Mark said (that) he lives / lived near the station.

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3. 练习

单选：选择最合适的答案。

1. It was announced that only when the fire was under control \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to return to their homes.
   A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted
   C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted
2. In the exam, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ you are, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mistakes you'll make.
   A. carefully, little B. more carefully, fewest C. more careful, fewer D. more careful, less
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
   A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange
   C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound
4. I like sports and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ my brother.
   A. so does B. so is C. so D. so likes
5. She is not fond of cooking, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I.
   A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do
6. Only in this way \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ progress in your English.
   A. you make B. can you make C. you be able to make D. will you able to make
7. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ got into the room, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the telephone rang.
   A. He hardly had, then B. Hardly had he, when C. He had not, than D. Not had he, when
8. At the foot of the mountain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
   A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village
9. I've tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with my progress.
   A. the teacher is not satisfied B. is the teacher not satisfied
   C. the teacher is satisfied D. is the teacher satisfied

注：此处仅保留部分代表性练习，完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。