第二十四章 主谓一致

1. 主谓一致三原则

主谓一致主要包含两个方面，即1）主语和谓语在数上的一致；2）主语和谓语在人称上的一致。

1) 语法一致原则：主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，如：

• The boy likes English. 那个男孩喜欢英语。
• She is watching TV. 她在看电视。
• I am swimming. 我正在游泳。
• You are a good guy. 你是个好人。
• The students of our class play football well. 我们班学生球踢得不错。
• They are drinking wine. 他们在喝酒。
• The water is warm. 水是温的。
• Opening the presents was exciting. 打开礼物很令人兴奋。

2) 意义一致原则：主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语形式为复数，而意义为单数，谓语动词用单数。如：

• My family are having dinner now. 我们家人现在在吃饭。*family指家中全体成员，强调个体，有复数含义。
• His family has moved into the new house. 他家已经搬到新房子里去了。*family指整个家，强调整体，看作单数。
• Two hours is enough. 两小时就够了。*two hours指一个时间段，强调整体，看作单数。
• The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包围了这位政府官员。*crowd意义上是复数，强调个体。
• A large number of letters were received. 收到大量来信。
• The majority of people have complained. 大多数人都有抱怨。

3) 就近一致原则：是指谓语动词的人称和数要与最近的主语保持一致。总的来说，在由not only...but also...，not just...but...，either...or...，neither...nor...等连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，遵循就近原则，如：

• Not only the students but also the teacher is interested in this activity. 不仅学生们，老师也对这项活动感兴趣。
• Not just his scores but his attitude has improved. 不仅他的成绩提高了，态度也改善了。
• Either his father or his mother is coming to the meeting. 他的父亲或他的母亲会来参加会议。
• Neither Tom nor his friends are available tonight. 汤姆和他的朋友今晚都没空。
• There is a book and two pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和两支铅笔。

总结：通过学习原则1和原则2后我们发现，其实是主语意思（而不是形式）上的单/复数概念决定了其谓语的形式，即如果主语的意思表单数，则其谓语采用单数形式；反之则采用复数形式。而原则3所说的是一些特例（也可以说是一个与原则1、2自相矛盾的特殊原则），这需要我们多查词典，多记忆。

2. 主谓一致三原则的具体运用

常见具体情况	例句
"many a +名词"作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。	Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. 很多著名的流行音乐歌星都因使用毒品而毁了自己。
"more than one +名词"作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。	More than one computer has been sold. 已出售的电脑不止一台。
all作主语时根据其代表的具体事物确定单复数。	All is dependent on your decision. 一切取决于你的决定。 All are in agreement on the plan. 所有人都赞成这个计划。
"all of, half of, the rest of, most of, 及百分数或分数+of等后接名词"作主语时，谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定。	Half of his work is still undone. 他的工作有一半还没做。 Half of the pears are rotten. 半数的梨腐烂了。
what引导的主语从句，谓语动词可视表语而定：表语是单数名词时，动词用单数，相反，则用复数。	What they want to get are a number of good books. 他们想得到的是大量的好书。 What they want is a good English book. 他们想要的是一本好的英语书。
and连接的两个单数名词前若用each, every或no修饰，该名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。	No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag. 书包里没有书和钢笔。 Each hour and each minute is precious. 每一小时每一分钟都是宝贵的。
each作主语的同位语时，谓语动词由主语来决定，与each无关。	We each have a different point of view. 我们每个人都有不同的观点。
the following作主语时，谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致。	The following is of the greatest importance. 下面一点最为重要。 The following are extracts from the original article. 下面是原文的节选。
由两个对应部分组成一体的名词（形式上为复数，如trousers、shoes、shorts、scissors、scales等）作主语时，若前面有"一条"、"一副"等单数单位词，谓语动词应使用单数形式；若没有单位词或单位词为复数，则谓语动词应使用复数形式。	These trousers cost \$30 a pair. 这种裤子30美元一条。 A pair of shoes has been sold. 卖了一双鞋。 Two more pairs of trousers are dirty. 另外两条裤子脏了。
"one and a half + 名词"在表示整体时多用单数动词，但如果着重单位或口语中也可用复数；正式写作中常推荐将其视为单一的量而用单数。	One and a half hours is enough for the exam. 强调整体数量。 One and a half hours are scheduled for the exam. 强调单位/个体。
"none / neither / either / any of + 复数名词"的谓语形式取决于语义与语域：neither / either 通常用单数；none 与 any 可以单复皆用，但在正式语体或语义为"not one"时偏向单数，为"若干个/个体"时可用复数。	None (of the pupils) has/have failed the test. Neither of the candidates is suitable. Either of these solutions is acceptable. Are any of these batteries working?
表学科、体育运动、游戏及疾病的名词虽然形式为复数，但在意义上为单一概念，通常与单数动词连用。	The news isn't very good, I'm afraid. Mathematics is difficult. Gymnastics looks demanding. Measles is contagious.

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3. 练习

单选：选择最合适的答案。

1. The traffic is moving very slowly as so many cars \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on their way back to Shanghai.
   A. am B. is C. are D. be
2. A: What \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the number of the girls in your class?
   B: About twenty.
   A. is B. am C. are D. be
3. Nobody in our class but Tom and I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that our monitor is going abroad for further education.
   A. know B. am to know C. have known D. knows
4. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sea.
   A. is B. are C. were D. has been
5. Not only I but also Jane and Mary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tired of having one examination after another.
   A. is B. are C. am D. be
6. Everyone in our class \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ English.
   A. plays B. play C. likes D. like
7. A set of keys \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the desk. Some boxes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the desk, too.
   A. are, are B. is, are C. is, is D. is, am
8. There \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ an exercise book and three books on the teacher's desk.
   A. be B. have C. is D. are
9. Mr. Li, with his wife and son, often \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to Harbin for skiing in winter.
   A. go B. went C. going D. goes
10. Only one of the answers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ right. Either he or I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ right.
    A. are; am B. is; am C. are; are D. am; are

注：此处仅保留部分代表性练习，完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。